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There's no cure for Turner syndrome but many of the associated symptoms can be treated.
Regular health checks and preventative care and treatment are important for girls and women with Turner syndrome. This is because of the risk of complications.
Some hospitals have dedicated Turner syndrome clinics with a number of specialists, including:
If a girl or woman is diagnosed with Turner syndrome, the following areas may be monitored throughout her life.
During childhood, middle ear infections (otitis media) are more likely to develop and need to be treated quickly.
Women with Turner syndrome can lose their hearing more quickly than people without Turner syndrome may do. This can reduce their ability to interact socially.
High blood pressure (hypertension) is quite common in women with Turner syndrome, so it's important blood pressure is checked regularly and treated, if necessary. This may be related to underlying heart or kidney problems.
Thyroid function tests can be used to assess how well the thyroid gland is working, as girls with Turner syndrome have a slightly increased risk of having an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism).
Women with Turner syndrome may need to have their glucose levels in their blood or pee checked to screen for diabetes.
Women with Turner syndrome have an increased risk of developing brittle bones (osteoporosis) in late adulthood.
Bone mineral density can be measured at regular intervals using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan to assess any change with time.
A specialist in hormone-related conditions (endocrinologist) will carry out tests and checks on a regular basis. They'll also be able to recommend appropriate treatment, such as growth hormone therapy.
Girls with Turner syndrome are entitled to receive high-dose growth hormone therapy as soon as it becomes apparent that they're not growing normally. It will help make them taller in adulthood.
Growth hormone therapy is a daily injection, started at around 5 or 6 years of age or later. It's usually continued until 15 or 16, helping the girl gain on average around 5cm (about 2in) in height.
Read more about growth hormone therapy.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has produced guidance about somatropin, the growth hormone sometimes used to treat Turner syndrome. Studies reviewed by NICE found somatropin increased height by around 5cm.
A number of different types of somatropin are available. The type used will be based on the needs of the individual following a discussion between the specialist and the girl and her parents, including any advantages and disadvantages of the treatment.
Treatment with somatropin should be stopped if:
Somatropin is usually given daily as a single injection. Parents can give the injection or the girl can be taught to do it herself. The dose will depend on the girl's size.
Oestrogen and progesterone replacement therapy may also be recommended. Oestrogen and progesterone are the female hormones responsible for sexual development. Oestrogen also helps prevent brittle bones (osteoporosis).
In girls with Turner syndrome, the ovaries (female reproductive organs) do not work properly. As a result, the girl may not go through puberty and is likely to be unable to have a baby without help (be infertile).
Women with Turner syndrome usually need regular sex hormone treatment until they're about 50. After this time, the body usually stops producing oestrogen and monthly periods stop. This is called the menopause.
Oestrogen replacement therapy is usually started around the time of normal puberty. In girls, this is around 11 years old. It may be recommended that oestrogen replacement is started earlier in gradually increasing doses. Treatment will be tailored to the specific needs of each girl.
Oestrogen triggers the changes that usually happen during puberty, such as breast development. It's important for the health of the womb and bones (protecting against osteoporosis).
It can be given as a gel, tablet or patch. Low doses are used to start with and gradually increased to adult levels with time and age, to mimic normal puberty.
Progesterone replacement therapy is usually started after oestrogen therapy and will cause monthly periods to start. It also may be given alone or combined in a tablet or patch with oestrogen.
Most women with Turner syndrome are unable to have children (infertile). A minority will be able to conceive naturally, so girls and women with Turner syndrome should have access to sexual health and contraception advice.
Assisted conception techniques, such as egg donation and in vitro fertilisation (IVF), may be recommended for women with Turner syndrome who want to have children.
If a woman has Turner syndrome and becomes pregnant, she'll need regular heart checks because the heart and blood vessels will be put under extra strain during pregnancy. It's vital her womb is healthy and has developed fully during puberty for the pregnancy to be successful.
Some girls and women with Turner syndrome may develop psychological problems, such as low self-esteem or depression.
Doctors sometimes attribute these problems to physical appearance or infertility, but they're more commonly related to difficulties understanding other people's social behaviour and how to respond appropriately. Associated problems often arise at home, in school and in the workplace.
Psychological therapy, such as counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), may be recommended.
Most girls with Turner syndrome have a normal level of intelligence, but some may have specific learning difficulties and require extra support.
It's important to get help if your daughter is affected. Not all aspects of ability are affected equally, so an experienced psychologist should be asked to give an opinion.
Speak to a GP or health visitor, or your daughter's teacher. The school or nursery should follow guidelines about how to assess and meet your daughter's special educational needs to ensure she gets the appropriate support.
Read more about learning disabilities and education.
The Turner Syndrome Support Society is a UK-based charity that provides information, care and support for girls and women with Turner syndrome.
